Tag: basement

Health Problems – Basement and Crawl Space Mold

Some homeowners in Victoria, Mill Bay, Cobble Hill, Duncan, Cowichan, Ladysmith, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Port Alberni, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River may live by the mantra “what goes on in the crawl space stays in the crawl space.” Not so, considering this in an area that gets moist and harbors many foreign things, including mold. When crawl space mold and crawl space mildew grow and takes over this space, the effects are likely to be felt in your home.

Mold Crawl Space / Basement

Crawl space mold, crawl space fungus, and crawl space mildew compromise your home’s structural integrity and the air your family breathes.

Is mold dangerous? What health problems can it cause? What are the signs of mold allergy? How can I protect my loved ones?

What are the signs of crawl space mold and crawl space mildew in Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Duncan, and Courtenay?

You might not have knowingly encountered mold or know what an infestation looks like. Here are a couple of signs that should prompt you to contact your basement or crawl space experts Pacific Decontamination Services for further investigation and testing:

Water stains on baseboards

Black or greenish spots on walls and insulation

Musty smells or awful odors

Warped wooden floors

Crawl space wood rot

Decaying or rotting beams and joists

Runny nose, itchy eyes or coughs

Some mold may appear black when it’s not actually black mold. Only a mold removal expert can ascertain what type of mold you’re up against. And that’s why testing is important.

What are the health risks of mold exposure?

Mold becomes dangerous when it attaches itself to organic materials in a damp crawl space, or basement which is the perfect condition for growth. Existing moisture allows the mold to grow and produce mold spores. When these float in your home, it causes serious allergic reactions. Prolonged exposure can worsen asthma problems and in some cases, trigger autoimmune disease.

What are the symptoms of mold allergies?

Interestingly, people react differently to mold exposure in Victoria, Mill Bay, Cobble Hill, Cowichan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum and Courtenay. Some individuals will show no signs, while others will manifest a variety of bodily responses. If you’re allergic to foreign particles, you’re likely to experience one or more of the following symptoms or signs:

Itchy eyes/skin

Stuffy nose

Skin rashes

Wheezing

Persistent coughs

Laborious breathing

See a doctor if you experience one or more of the above symptoms.

How can I prevent crawl space mold?

Though mold is everywhere, it won’t cause problems if you eliminate conditions that encourage its growth. Routine inspection can help you uncover issues that could create the perfect condition for mold to thrive.

If the crawl space is vented and not sealed, it’s about time you seal it and block all vents. Your open crawl space allows mold to come in attach itself to wood and other organic materials. Since this place is typically moist, it’s going to grow fast and infest the whole crawl space. Your basement and crawl space repair contractor is going to install a plastic vapor barrier that covers the entire floor and walls. It can go around barriers such as wooden beams and piers.

Check and remove damaged or torn insulation from the crawl space as it’s likely to get wet and harbor pests. Mold can easily attach itself to the damaged material. In no time, it can take over and spread to other parts.

Ensure that all water pipes and ducts that run through the crawl space are intact. Fix any pipe that’s leaky. Take a step further and insulate your water pipes to stop condensation during cold winter weather.

Cracks on the crawl space wall may also encourage moisture and water to seep in. And that’s bad news as it will also encourage mold to grow. Typical repairs may involve applying crack injections to seal up crevices on the wall.

From time to time, certain areas of Vancouver Island experiences floods. If your home is on a floodplain or an area that’s likely to flood, install sump pumps to stop running surface water from inundating your crawl space. Ensure that pumps have soil filters.

Ensure gutters and downspouts channel water at least six feet away from your home. Anything closer than that means water can accumulate close to the house and get into the crawl space. If the downspouts are damaged or loose, fix them so they won’t get overwhelmed by rainwater.

Internal drainage is equally important in keeping the crawl space dry. Install a drainage system around the perimeter of the crawl space wall to the inside. Any water that leaks into the crawl space won’t get into the middle but will drain outside.

Condensation is likely to be a problem throughout the year as the air is loaded with moisture. To control moisture, install either a portable dehumifiers, or self-draining dehumidifier. Aim for 60% humidity at most.

Are you worried that crawl space mold could have taken over the below the ground area of your home?

What Can You Do?

In most situations, Pacific Decontamination Services can neutralize your mold up 99.99999%. If our spray, fog or foam can touch it, we can neutralize it. Our services come at a fraction of the cost as compared to the expensive approaches like soda / dry ice blasting, hepa vacuuming, scrubbing, removal of insulation and deconstruction and reconstruction of the crawl space or basement.

Pacific Decontamination Services uses the world’s strongest, most effective and safe antimicrobial disinfectant, deodorization and chemical decontaminate. Our professional application will eliminate up to 99.99999% of any allergen, germ, bacteria or fungus that it touches. AND as powerful as it is, it is also completely safe.

What do you do next? How do you solve the challenge of mold and associated health hazards?

Call Pacific Decontamination Services at 778-269-0208 or email us at our email address: contact @ pacificdecon dot com

Serving All of Vancouver Island: Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

March 30, 2022
The Dangers of Rodent-Borne Diseases

A number of health risks are associated with rodent borne diseases. Rat and mice exposure is very common for vehicle and home owners living in Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni. Pacific Decontamination Services eliminates rodent odor (mice and rats), and neutralizes associated bacteria and contaminants.

Rat Smell – Rat Odors

Rats have a nasty habit of urinating wherever they go. They drag their bodies through the urine leaving a sewer like odor on their pathways. It is important that you do not stir up dust by sweeping or vacuuming up droppings, urine, or nesting materials. Call a professional, don’t take a risk.

Rodents carry a wide range of disease-causing organisms, including many species of bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths (worms). They also act as vectors or reservoirs for many diseases via their ectoparasites such as fleas, ticks, lice and mites, as well as some diseases carried by mosquitoes.

In fact, rodents are thought to be responsible for more deaths than all the wars over the last 1,000 years.

Rodent-Borne Diseases

Arenavirus

Bartonellosis (Trench fever)

Capillariasis

Echinococcosis

Hantavirus

Leptospirosis

Rat bite fever

Rat tapeworm

Salmonellosis

The Plague

Toxoplasmosis

Trichinellosis

Tularemia

Weil’s disease

How Can I Catch A Rodent Disease?

inhalation or direct contact with rodent excreta (urine, faeces, saliva);

handling or inhaling microorganism particles aerosolized from hay, woodpiles or other materials contaminated with infectious rodent urine;

particles aerosolized by sweeping rodent infested spaces;

handling of infected rodents by hunters or other people;

bites from rodents — microorganisms carried in saliva can infect both humans and other rodents;

scratches from rodents;

drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food;

rodents acting as sources for infecting ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, mites, lice) with various pathogens;

dogs, cats and foxes (especially urban) eating rodents and then catching parasites such as tapeworms that can be passed on to humans by them; and

rodents can also act as reservoirs for various flying-insect-borne diseases.

How to Clean Up Rodent Urine, Droppings – How to Eliminate Odor – How to Stay Safe

Simply put – call the professionals at Pacific Decontamination Services. Depending on your situation, we can HEPA vacuum the carcasses, droppings and nesting materials. We will also neutralize the associated rat and mice bacteria, and odor in your basement, crawl space, attic, home, outbuilding, office, car, RV or boat by applying our eco-friendly, safe chemical into the interior and applicable exterior areas. Depending on the job, we apply our formula by spray, mist, foam, or fog. We do not use a tent. The average time of our on-site service is approximately one hour. An additional four hours is required to achieve maximum effectiveness. We ask that you stay out of the premise for approximately 5 hours in total. Read more about how we work.

Pacific Decontamination Services uses the world’s strongest, most effective and safe antimicrobial disinfectant, deodorization and chemical decontaminate. Our professional application will eliminate up to 99.99999% of any allergen, germ, bacteria or fungus that it touches. AND as powerful as it is, it is also completely safe.

What do you do next? How do you solve the challenge of rodent borne diseases and associated health hazards?

Call Pacific Decontamination Services at 778-269-0208 or email us!

Serving All of Vancouver Island: Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

January 30, 2019
Is Your Home a Death Trap?

Is Your Home a Death Trap? How Mold Affects Your Health and Your Home’s Value in Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Comox, Courtenay, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

If you think your home is mold-free, you’re probably wrong. Mold infestation is very common for home owners living in Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

How do you sell your home on Vancouver Island when there’s mold? Any kind of major defect discovered during a home inspection can break a deal or have a big impact on negotiations when buying a home, and mold is no exception. Mold will simply continue to devalue your property until the problem becomes so rampant that the home is uninhabitable. Nobody wants to purchase a seller’s mold issues.

Understanding Mold:

As a fungus, the mold is in soil and spreads to new locations by releasing spores into the air. It can travel through an open window or follow you inside through the front door.

Generally speaking, mold only becomes dangerous when it can attach itself to organic material and grow and spread with the right humid conditions. Black mold is a good example. Moisture allows the mold that’s already there to grow and colonize, and reproduce and spread. And we all know, moisture on Vancouver Island is like “wetness to water”.

Airborne mold spores are not visible to the human eye. Mold spores are tiny structures produced by molds for reproduction purposes. They are so small that they can hardly be seen…even when magnified 400 times. One cubic meter of outdoor air may contain as many as 1,000,000 spores. The volume of air we inhale at rest is estimated at 10 litres per minute. Therefore, in an hour we inhale close to 600,000 spores. The air in some working environments including moldy buildings may contain up to 1,000,000,000 spores per cubic meter of air.

People’s reactions to mold vary depending on individual predispositions to mold and the type of mold growth, from no symptoms to sore throat and itchy eyes, heightened asthma problems, skin rashes, sick building syndrome, and in some cases autoimmune disease from prolonged exposure. Because medical issues can vary so greatly, it doesn’t matter which type of mold may be growing or how you’re feeling, all visible mold growth in your home should be removed, and the source of moisture repaired to ensure growth does not occur again.

Health concerns are the first reasons to rid a building of mold. The second reason is the resale value and marketability of a property. Nobody wants to purchase a seller’s mold issue. This is where Pacific Decontamination Services has developed a service that kills the mold and mildew up to 99.99999% and leaves an invisible residual covering to protect the re-growth for up to 3 months.

Finding the root cause of your mold and mildew problems is critical in the problem-solving process. What is causing the mold and mildew to grow? It could be a leaky pipe, humid basement or a heavy rain storm that flooded your crawl or basement. The size of the problem is less important than your ability to repair the source of moisture. The key is to stop further moisture intrusion. Otherwise, the mold will just grow back.

Mold growth in a basement, attic or crawl space is relatively common, because residents don’t see these areas often, and they can be very humid. However, there are tell-tale signs you can see and smell in advance of your problem expanding. With mold and musty crawl spaces, basements and attics, there are several warning signs: Click Here for warning signs you can be watching for.

It is important to note that mold and mildew are both fungi, and they can cause health problems. If it looks like mold or is described as a mold-like substance, considers it mold and have it removed. Do not differentiate between mold and mildew – they both are just as risky as the other.

How Do We Kill Mold?

We neutralize your mold and mildew by applying our eco-friendly, safe chemical into your attic, crawlspace, residence, or basement. Depending on the job, we apply our formula by spray, mist, foam, or fog. We do not use a tent. The average time of our on-site service is approximately one hour. An additional four hours is required to achieve maximum effectiveness. We ask that you stay out of the premise for approximately 5 hours in total. Read more about how we work.

Pacific Decontamination Services uses the world’s strongest, most effective and safe antimicrobial disinfectant, deodorization and chemical decontaminate. Our professional application will eliminate up to 99.99999% of any allergen, germ, bacteria or fungus that it touches. AND as powerful as it is, it is also completely safe.

What do you do next? How do you solve the challenge of mold and associated health hazards?

Call Pacific Decontamination Services at 778-269-0208 or email us!

Serving All of Vancouver Island: Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

November 25, 2018
Musty Smell in Bathroom

Musty smells in the bathroom, laundry room and basements are extremely common, and may impact one in three homeowners in Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

The musty smell in your bathroom is caused by mold or mildew.

These fungal growths cause the same musty odor in damp basements, crawl spaces and attics.

Common locations for mold and mildew in the bathroom include inside the shower, on walls behind towels or picture frames, or on the ceiling.

Mold and Mildew Explained

Mold and mildew are both a type of fungus that grow in damp areas. If a room is moist, not very well ventilated, and lacking in natural sunlight, there is a good chance it can develop mold or mildew.

Mold and mildew have a unique musty scent that is easy to identify. You cannot always see mold and mildew. Both are dark-colored stains when you can see them. It is important to not that mold and mildew can start to smell before they become visible, and they can also grow inside drawers and closets. Other areas include behind picture frames, on the ceiling, inside the shower, behind decorative hanging towels, and under the sink or behind the toilet.

The Musty Smell of Mold and Mildew is a Warning

The musty odor of mold and mildew is a warning. Both these fungal growths are bad for your health if you breathe in the airborne spores. They can cause reactions like headaches, trouble breathing, nosebleeds, and nausea. Young children are particularly prone to breathing problems in homes where there is a lot of mold, and people with asthma can have severe reactions to mold and mildew.

Mold and Mildew Can Damage Your House

Mold and mildew can damage your house. Mildew stains grout, paint, and other surfaces. Mold can eat into drywall and even damage the structural stability of the house frame if left alone long enough. Taking no action against your serious mold infestation could have consequences. There are examples where some homes, when left with mold for years, had to be condemned due to the overwhelming growth.

How to Prevent Mold or Mildew

Airflow and moisture reduction are critical to prevent mold and mildew. If your bathroom does not have a window or fan, then consider putting a small fan or dehumidifier in the room to reduce some of the moisture. Always wipe down the walls and shower curtain after a shower to prevent mold from growing inside this damp area. Hang wet towels, rather than putting them in a hamper, and routinely move anything that hangs permanently to wipe the wall behind.

Other Causes of Musty Smells

Other causes of must smells could include your toilet tank. There can be mildew inside the tank, or it could be that lime deposits have left the inside of the tank less than pristine. Check for other areas like this around your bathroom, such as the under-sink plumbing fixtures, or behind a decorative covering on your tub.

How to Get Rid of Mold or Mildew

Pacific Decontamination Services can neutralize mildew and mold up to 99.99999% by applying our eco-friendly, safe chemical into your home, air conditioner, shower, faucets, hot tub, spa, or any other item or location. Depending on the job, we apply our formula by spray, mist, foam, or fog.

Click Here to View Types of Biological Organisms and Chemical Threats that Pacific Decontamination Kills and Neutralizes

We do not use a tent. The average time of our on-site service is approximately one hour. An additional four hours is required to achieve maximum effectiveness. We ask that you stay out of the premise for approximately 5 hours in total. Read more about how we work.

Pacific Decontamination Services uses the world’s strongest, most effective and safe antimicrobial disinfectant, deodorization and chemical decontaminate. Our professional application will eliminate up to 99.99999% of any allergen, germ, bacteria or fungus that it touches. AND as powerful as it is, it is also completely safe.

What do you do next? How do you solve the challenge of mold, mildew and associated health hazards?

Call Pacific Decontamination Services at 778-269-0208 or email us!

Serving All of Vancouver Island: Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

October 1, 2018
How to Prevent Basement Mold

Mold and moisture in your basement can be dangerous to your health and can impact owners in Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

Basement mold is a common problem in homes that have damp, dark basements. Mold is a fungus which grows fast in moist, humid conditions. Once it establishes a presence in your basement, mold is very difficult to eliminate. Mold causes many health problems such as asthma, infections, cough, rashes, congestion and allergies. The best way to prevent mold growth is to control humidity and moisture in your basement.

Monitor Humidity Levels

High humidity levels provide the perfect growing environment for mold. You must ensure that humidity levels within your home, especially the basement, are within acceptable levels. Use a hygrometer to measure the humidity level. A humidity reading of 45% or more is high and can be conducive to growth of mold.

Use a High Quality Dehumidifier

If you detect high moisture levels in the basement, buy a high quality dehumidifier. This appliance is quite effective at keeping humidity levels under check.

Avoid Growing Plants in Basement

Plants in the basement provide a good diet for mold and mildew. Only grow plants in sunny, airy locations in your home. Avoid the basement for cultivation of any sorts.

Reduce Clutter in the Basement

Keep your basement free of clutter. Too many objects and storage items block the free flow of air and reduce ventilation. Items such as clothes and books stored in the basement are food for mold and mildew. Store minimal quantities of such items away from direct contact with the floor or walls.

Do Not Store Wood in the Basement

Wood is another ideal habitat for mold. Never store wood in the basement. An open, airy location is the best location for storing wood.

Confirm That Water is Directed Away From Your Home

The boundary around your home must be sloped in such a way that snow and rain are directed away from the house. Otherwise, and moisture will pool around the structure, increasing moisture and leakage problems. In such a situation, mold is almost inevitable.

Deal With Spills and Leaks Immediately

If there are any leaks in the basement, take care of them immediately. Wipe the water from the area and dry it thoroughly. Use of a dehumidifier and heater to accelerate the drying process.

Insulate Water Pipes in the Basement

Generally, cold water pipes in the basement show condensation on the exterior. Insulating such pipes reduces the humidity levels in the basement.

Use an Exhaust Fan

Air out stale, humid air and allow the intake of fresh air with the use of an exhaust fan. Try to open doors and windows to the basement regularly.

Reduce Factors That Cause Humidity

Avoid drying wet clothes in the basement. Make sure appliances such as dryers, stoves, heaters, and air conditioners exhaust to the outside, or else the humidity can rise significantly. Avoid carpets and wood flooring in the basement.

What Else Can You Do To Control Mildew and Mold?

We neutralize your mold by applying our eco-friendly, safe chemical into your RV, boat, auto, or building. Depending on the job, we apply our formula by spray, mist, foam, or fog. We do not use a tent. The average time of our on-site service is approximately one hour. An additional four hours is required to achieve maximum effectiveness. We ask that you stay out of the premise for approximately 5 hours in total. Read more about how we work.

Pacific Decontamination Services uses the world’s strongest, most effective and safe antimicrobial disinfectant, deodorization and chemical decontaminate. Our professional application will eliminate up to 99.99999% of any allergen, germ, bacteria or fungus that it touches. AND as powerful as it is, it is also completely safe.

What do you do next? How do you solve the challenge of mold and associated health hazards?

Call Pacific Decontamination Services at 778-269-0208 or email us!
Serving All of Vancouver Island: Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

March 21, 2018
Is Mold in Your Crawlspace, Basement, or Attic Making You Sick?

Mold in crawlspaces, basements and attics are extremely common, and may impact one in three homeowners in Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

Crawlspaces and attics are dark, dingy and sometimes damp: all ideal conditions for mold, fungus, and other germs to flourish. Basements can also be at risk.

It’s usually the result of increased humidity and moisture in the crawlspace, typically from the ground in the crawlspace, a leak, or inadequate ventilation.

In attics, meanwhile, mold often forms as the result of inadequate ventilation. Warm moist air, created from the people living below, rises toward the ceiling and enters the attic around light fixtures and other openings. If the attic is well-ventilated, the moisture will pass outside, but if the warm air has nowhere to go, the moisture will accumulate.

Both attics and crawlspaces are also rich in the organic materials that molds, fungi and other microbes need to feed on.

According to Health Canada, “Common household materials mold can live on include drywall, wood, such as window sills, wall framing and firewood, paper products such as cardboard boxes, damp materials such as carpeting or furniture.”

In short, it can grow almost anywhere, as long as moisture is present.

In fact, according to studies, 30 percent to 50 percent of all structures have damp conditions that could encourage the growth and spread of biological pollutants like mold. And that’s just for average climates; in warm, moist climates, this percentage is likely much higher.

What’s Dangerous About Mold?

Mold is a microscopic, living organism whose purpose is to break down dead materials. This is why, over time, it will destroy whatever it is growing on, including your carpets, furniture and cabinets, and even structural elements of your home.

If left untreated, mold will gradually destroy whatever it is growing on — including structural elements of your home.

However, this is only a part of what makes mold dangerous. Molds release thousands of microscopic spores into the air, and they are easily carried around your home, where you may breathe them in.

It is through this inhalation that mold can cause health problems to you and your family.

What Types of Health Problems do Molds Cause?

All molds have the potential to cause health effects. Molds can produce allergens that can trigger allergic reactions or even asthma attacks in people allergic to mold. Others are known to produce potent toxins and/or irritants.

Homeowners with mold often report:
Respiratory problems, such as wheezing, difficulty breathing, and shortness of breath.

Sneezing and/or nasal congestion.

Eye irritation (itching, burning, watery, or reddened eyes).

Coughing or throat irritation.

Skin rashes or irritation.

Headaches.

Fatigue.

Among people who have existing respiratory conditions (such as allergies or asthma) or weakened immune systems, as well as children and the elderly, molds can be particularly dangerous. People in this group may experience more severe reactions or even serious lung infections when exposed to mold.

Read our report on mold exposure and health hazards.

Preventing a Mold Problem in Your Crawlspace, Basement, or Attic

If you suspect mold is in your home (some indications include stained ceilings, a musty or earthy smell, black, pink, orange or green spots on walls, flood or hurricane damage, damp basement, crawlspace or attic) you should seek out a professional to decontaminate your mold or mildew situation.

Decontaminate your attic, basement or crawlspace using the experts at Pacific Decontamination Services. Our tailored services protect your home or business from devastating effects of a biological occurrence by killing and validating the destruction of up to 99.9999% of harmful bacteria, viruses, spores, germs, and fungi.

Other steps you can do after having your attic, crawlspace, or basement decontaminated by Pacific Decontamination Services include:

Fix any leaky plumbing or other leaks immediately.

Prevent moisture due to condensation. To reduce moisture levels in your air, increase ventilation (if the outdoor air is cool and dry) or use a dehumidifier (if the outdoor air is warm and humid).

Don’t let your home’s foundation stay wet. Make sure there’s proper drainage and that the ground slopes away from the foundation.

Keep furniture and floors dusted. Mold spores can collect in your household dust, so dusting often is highly recommended.

Keep heating, ventilation, and air conditioning drip pans clean and flowing properly.

Make sure moisture-generating appliances, like your dryer, and your bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans are vented outside.

Keep indoor humidity levels below 60%, and preferably between 30-50%.

Change your home’s air filters regularly.

If necessary, add insulation to reduce the potential for condensation on cold surfaces, such as windows, piping, exterior walls, roof or flooring.

Make sure any damp or wet spots are cleaned and dried within 48 hours.

How Can You Neutralize Mold?

We neutralize your mold by applying our eco-friendly, safe chemical into your attic, crawlspace, or basement. Depending on the job, we apply our formula by spray, mist, foam, or fog. We do not use a tent. The average time of our on-site service is approximately one hour. An additional four hours is required to achieve maximum effectiveness. We ask that you stay out of the premise for approximately 5 hours in total. Read more about how we work.

Pacific Decontamination Services uses the world’s strongest, most effective and safe antimicrobial disinfectant, deodorization and chemical decontaminate. Our professional application will eliminate up to 99.99999% of any allergen, germ, bacteria or fungus that it touches. AND as powerful as it is, it is also completely safe.

What do you do next? How do you solve the challenge of mold and associated health hazards?

Call Pacific Decontamination Services at 778-269-0208 or email us!

Serving All of Vancouver Island: Victoria, Cowichan, Duncan, Nanaimo, Parksville, Qualicum, Courtenay, Comox, Campbell River, and Port Alberni.

October 29, 2017